Evaluation of tissue repair using phytotherapeutic gel from Plectranthus neochilus, Schlechter (boldo-gambá) and Cnidoscolus quercifolius Pohl (favela) in Wistar rats / [Avaliação da reparação tecidual do gel fitoterápico de Plectranthus neochilus, Schlechter (Boldo-gambá) e Cnidoscolus quercifolius Pohl (Favela) em ratos Wistar]

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of a gel formulation from the association of Plectranthus neochilus and Cnidoscolus quercifolius on tissue repair in cutaneous wounds in rats. A surgical wound was induced in 35 Wistar rats and treated according to group: G1 - commercial phytotherapeutic gel; G2 - Carbopol gel 1%; G3, 4, 5 - gel formulation from Boldo-gambá and Favela (FGBF) at 2.5%, 5%, and 10%, respectively. 1ml of the product was applied topically daily, for 14 days. Macroscopic evaluation of the wound showed inflammation, granulation, and epithelization in all groups. The FGBF 2.5% group showed greater angiogenic potential. There was a significant difference between the surgical area of the wounds treated with FGBF 2.5%, 5%, or 10% compared to the group with the commercial phytotherapeutic gel. On histomorphometry of the skin, there were reepithelization of the epidermis and superficial dermis, longitudinal collagen fibers, fibroblasts, and blood vessels, and in the deeper dermis, fibroblasts, transverse and longitudinal collagen fibers, blood vessels, and inflammatory cells. The 2.5% formulation had the greatest increase in fibroblast proliferation and most intense collagenization on day 14 of treatment.(AU)

Este trabalho objetivou investigar os efeitos de uma formulação em gel da associação da Plectranthus neochilus e da Cnidoscolus quercifolius no processo de reparação tecidual em feridas cutâneas de ratos. Foi induzida uma ferida cirúrgica em 35 ratos Wistar, sendo tratadas de acordo com os grupos: G1 - fitoterápico comercial; G2 - gel de carbopol 1%; G3, G4 e G5 - formulação gel boldo-gambá mais favela (FGBF) 2,5%, 5% e 10%, respectivamente. Aplicou-se 1mL do produto, via tópica, diariamente, durante 14 dias. Na avaliação macroscópica das feridas, verificou-se inflamação, granulação e epitelização em todos os grupos. O grupo FGBF 2,5% apresentou maior potencial angiogênico. Houve diferença significativa entre as áreas cirúrgicas das feridas tratadas com os FGBF 2,5%, 5% ou 10%, comparados ao grupo com o gel fitoterápico comercial. Na histomorfometria da pele, observou-se reepitelização da epiderme e da derme superficial, fibras colágenas longitudinais, fibroblastos e vasos sanguíneos e, na derme profunda, fibroblastos, fibras colágenas transversais e longitudinais, vasos sanguíneos e células inflamatórias. A formulação a 2,5% teve o maior aumento na proliferação de fibroblastos e mais intensa colagenização no dia 14 de tratamento.(AU)

Aquisição de imunidade passiva em cabritos alimentados com colostro de cabras com e sem mastite / Immunity of procurement in passive kids fed colostrum from goats with and without mastitis

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a transferência de imunidade passiva de cabras, que pariram com mastite, para seus respectivos cabritos. Os animais foram distribuídos em dois grupos, a saber: grupo 1 (GI), constituído por cabritos, filhos de cabras sem isolamento microbiológico em ambas as glândulas mamárias, e grupo 2 (GII), composto por cabritos, filhos de cabras com resultado positivo à lactocultura, em pelo menos uma das glândulas mamárias. Foram coletadas amostras de colostro e sangue à parição, bem como às 24 e às 48 horas após o parto/nascimento. O diagnóstico e o monitoramento da mastite nos animais foram realizados por meio do California Mastitis Test (CMT), contagem de células somáticas e isolamento microbiológico. A proteína total foi mensurada pelo método do biureto, e as concentrações de imunoglobulina A (IgA), imunoglobulina G (IgG), transferrina, albumina e haptoglobina por meio da eletrofoerese em gel de poliacrilamida contendo dodecil sulfato de sódio (SDS-PAGE). Os agentes mais isolados na cultura microbiológica foram os Staphylococcus coagulase negativa. Não houve diferença significativa (P<0,05) entre os valores médios de imunoglobulina G (IgG) nos cabritos provenientes de cabras com mastite quando comparados aos recém-nascidos oriundos de cabras livres de infecções intramamárias. Da mesma forma, a atividade de gamaglutamiltransferase (GGT) não mostrou diferença entre os grupos em todos os momentos avaliados. A ingestão de colostro decorrente de cabras com mastite não causou falha na transferência de imunidade passiva nos respectivos conceptos.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the transfer of passive immunity goats kidded with mastitis to their kids. The animals were divided into two groups, namely: Group 1 (GI) containing kids, sons of goats without microbiological isolation in both mammary glands, and Group 2 (GII), composed of kids, sons of goats with positive result to lactoculture in at least one of mammary glands. Colostrum samples and blood were collected after delivery, 24 and 48 hours after delivery / birth. The diagnosis and monitoring of mastitis in animals were performed using the California Mastitis Test (CMT), somatic cell count and microbiological isolation. Total protein was measured by the biuret method, and the concentrations of immunoglobulin A (IgA), immunoglobulin G (IgG), transferrin, albumin and haptoglobin through eletrofoerese polyacrylamide gel containing sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS-PAGE). The agents most isolated in microbiological culture were coagulase-negative Staphylococcus. There was no significant difference (p <0.05) between the acquisition of immunoglobulin G (IgG) in goats from goats with mastitis compared to infants originating free goat mammary infections. Similarly the gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT) was equal in the comparison between groups in all evaluated moments. The colostrum intake resulting from goats with mastitis caused no failure in the passive transfer of immunity in their fetuses.

Etnobotânica de plantas medicinais em duas comunidades do município de Picuí, Paraíba, Brasil / Ethnobotanic of medicinal plants in two communities in the municipality of Picuí, Paraíba, Brazil

RESUMO O presente trabalho realizou um levantamento etnobotânico sobre a utilização de plantas medicinais no município de Picuí, Seridó Oriental, Estado da Paraíba, Brasil. Foi analisada uma área urbana (bairro monte santo) e uma rural (sítio massapê). As informações etnobotânicas foram obtidas através de formulários semiestruturados, contendo características socioeconômicas dos entrevistados, características das plantas e seus usos terapêuticos. Para a entrevista foi selecionado o adulto responsável pela residência, “chefe de família”, e utilizou-se a técnica da “bola de neve”. Foram citadas 37 famílias botânicas, 59 gêneros e 64 espécies. As espécies mais citadas foram Vernonia condensata Baker e Chenopodium ambrosioides L. e a família mais indicada foi Fabaceae. O hábito predominante foi o herbáceo, seguido do arbóreo; as partes da planta mais utilizadas foram as folhas e as cascas do caule; os principais modos de preparo dos remédios foram os chás e a água e/ou sumo. A planta com maior CUPc foi Vernonia condensata Baker (41,67%), sendo também uma das plantas com maior FRt junto a Chenopodium ambrosioides L., ambas com 19,6%. Esses resultados demonstraram que as populações estudadas ainda usam plantas medicinais com frequência, entretanto, a maioria das plantas utilizadas não é nativa da caatinga.

ABSTRACT This study conducted an ethnobotanical survey on the use of medicinal plants in the municipality of Picuí, Seridó of Paraíba, Brazil. An urban area (neighborhood monte santo) and a rural area (massapê farm) were analysed. The ethnobotanical information was obtained through semi-structured questionary containing socioeconomic characteristics of the respondents, characteristics of plants and their therapeutic uses. We selected an adult which was the responsible adult of the residence “householder” for the interview and used the technique of “snowball”. 37 plant families, 59 genera and 64 species were cited. The species most frequently cited were Vernonia condensata Baker and Chenopodium ambrosioides L. and the most mentioned family was Fabaceae. The predominant habit was the herbaceous, followed by woody, the parts of the plant which were most used are the leaves and bark of the stem, the main modes of preparation of the medicines were showers and water and / or lushness. The plant with the highest CUPc was Vernonia condensata Baker (41.67%), and it was also one of the plants with greatest FRt along with Chenopodium ambrosioides L., both with 19.6%. These results demonstrated that the studied populations still use medicinal plants often, however, most of the plants used is not native to the caatinga.

Caracterização bioquímica e molecular de Cryptococcus spp. isolados de excretas ambientais de pombos (Columba livia domestica) / Biochemical and molecular characterization of Cryptococcus spp. isolates from environmental feces of pigeons (Columba livia domestic)

Os pombos possuem uma rica diversidade de microrganismo, entre eles fungos sapróbios, como do gênero Cryptococcus, que podem atuar como agentes patogênicos para o homem e animais. Objetivou-se o isolamento, a caracterização bioquímica e a molecular de amostras de Cryptococcus spp. de excretas ambientas de pombos. Foram colhidas 100 amostras ambientais de pontos equidistantes e representativos da área da cidade de Araçatuba, São Paulo. As amostras foram rasteladas do solo de vias públicas, armazenadas em frasco coletor e encaminhadas para o Laboratório de Bacteriologia e Micologia da FMVA, onde foram processadas e cultivadas em duplicata, em placas de Petri contendo ágar Sabouraud dextrose a 4% e Niger. Em seguida, foram incubadas à temperatura ambiente e a 30ºC, respectivamente, por um período não inferior a 15 dias. Após a observação diária, as colônias sugestivas para levedura foram reisoladas em ágar Niger e submetidas a testes bioquímicos para posterior caracterização molecular pela técnica da PCR. Como resultado, a caracterização bioquímica e a molecular isolaram 32 colônias leveduriformes, sendo 8% dos cultivos positivos para Cryptococcus neoformans var. neoformans, 17% para Rhodotorula rubidae e 7% Candida albicans. Pelo exposto, concluiu-se que excretas ambientais de pombos constituem um microfoco para Cryptococcus neoformans var. neoformans e outras leveduras com potencial patogênico, representando um risco à saúde pública, sendo necessárias medidas preventivas, como a higienização com a correta remoção das excretas, a fim de minimizar os riscos de exposição ambiental.

Pigeons have a rich diversity of microrganisms, including fungi saprobes such as the genus Cryptococcus that can act as a pathogen for humans and animals. The aim of this was their isolation, biochemical and molecular characterization of samples of Cryptococcus from ambientas avian excreta. One hundred environmental samples,representative of the area equidistant from Araçatuba, São Paulo points were collected. The samples were removed and stored in collection bottles, sent to the Laboratory of Bacteriology and Mycology of FMVA, where they were processed and cultivated in duplicate on Petri dishes containing Sabouraud dextrose 4% and Niger and incubated at room temperature 30° C, respectively, for a period of no less than 15 days. Colonies after daily observation which were suggestive for yeast growth were re-isolated in Niger agar and subjected to biochemical analisis for further molecular characterization by PCR tests. As results, the biochemical and molecular characterization of 32 yeast colonies revealed 8% of cultures positive for Cryptococcus neoformans var. neoformans, 17% Rhodotorula rubidae and 7% Candida albicans. It was concluded that environmental avian excreta are active sites for replication of Cryptococcus neoformans var. neoformans and other yeasts with pathogenic potential. These constitute a public health risk, and preventive measures are necessary, such as cleaning and complete removal of excreta in order to minimize the risk of environmental exposure.

Cryptococcus: isolamento ambiental e caracterização bioquímica / Cryptococcus: environmental isolation and biochemical characterization

O gênero Cryptococcus caracteriza-se por ser uma levedura responsável por infecção sistêmica, causada pelas espécies Cryptococcus neoformans e Cryptococcus gattii. O fungo é encontrado em substratos de origem animal e vegetal, e a infecção ocorre com a inalação de basidiósporos ou leveduras desidratadas infectantes presentes no ambiente. O presente trabalho teve por objetivo pesquisar a existência de microfocos de Cryptococcussp.em amostras ambientais da cidade de Araçatuba, São Paulo, com a finalidade de minimizar os riscos de contaminação do homem e dos animais, buscando o conhecimento da ecoepidemiologia do Cryptococcus. Foram colhidas 50 amostras oriundas de ocos e troncos de árvores (Cassiasp., Ficussp., Caesalpinea peltophorides) de 10 locais representativos do perímetro urbano, as quais foram encaminhadas ao Laboratório de Bacteriologia e Micologia da Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária de Araçatuba-Unesp, onde foram processadas e semeadas em placas de Petri contendo ágar semente de Níger e Sabouraud dextrose com clorafenicol e incubadas à temperatura de 30ºC, por um período não inferior a cinco dias. Posteriormente, foram submetidas às provas bioquímicas: produção de urease, termotolerância a 37ºC e quimiotipagem em ágar CGB (L-canavanina-glicina-azul de bromotimol). A análise dos resultados revelaram que 17 (34%) dos cultivos foram positivos para o gênero Cryptococcus, sendo nove (18%) para Cryptococcus gattiie oito (16%) para Cryptococcus neoformans. Outras leveduras correlacionadas, como Rhodotorula sp. e Candida sp., também foram isoladas. Conclui-se que os basidiósporos de Cryptococcusencontram-se dispersos na natureza, constituindo microfocos ambientais, não vinculados necessariamente a um único hospedeiro.

Cryptococcosis is an opportunistic fungal infection caused by Cryptococcusyeasts, especially C. neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii. The fungus is found in substrates of animal and vegetable origin, and infection occurs through inhalation and seedlings present in the environment. The present study aimed to investigate the existence of microfocus Cryptococcus sp. from the environmental samples of Araçatuba city, São Paulo, featuring new niches, by decoupling the direct relationship between fungus and host in order to minimize the risk of contamination of man and animals, understanding the ecoepidemiology of Cryptococcus. Fifty samples from hollows and tree trunks were harvested (Cassia sp., Ficus sp., Caesalpinea peltophorides) from ten representatives in the urban perimeter. The samples were immediately sent to the Laboratory of Bacteriology and Mycology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Araçatuba - Unesp where they were processed and plated on Petri dishes containing agar seed Niger and Sabouraud dextrose agar with chloramphenicol, incubated at 30ºC for a period of no less than 5 days. Afterwards they were subimitted to biochemical tests: urease production, thermotolerance at 37°C and quimiotipagem in CGB agar (L- Canavanine-Glycine-Bromothymol blue). The results showed that 17 (34%) cultures were positive for Cryptococcus, 9 (18%) for Cryptococcus gattii and 8 (16%) for Cryptococcus neoformans. Other yeast correlated as Rhodotorula sp. and Candida sp. were isolated. We conclude that the infectious propagules of Cryptococcus are dispersed in nature and constitute an environmental microfocus, not necessarily being bound to a single host.

Levantamento etnobotânico de plantas medicinais em área de Caatinga na comunidade do Sítio Nazaré, município de Milagres, Ceará, Brasil / Ethnobotanical survey of medicinal plants in the Caatinga area in the community of Sitio Nazaré, Milagres, Ceará, Brazil

O presente trabalho teve como objetivo realizar um levantamento das plantas medicinais nativas no bioma Caatinga na comunidade do Sítio Nazaré, no município de Milagres, Ceará. Foram utilizadas entrevistas semiestruturadas com 100 informantes entre 25 a 85 anos registrando informações de 62 espécies medicinais sobre o uso, parte utilizada, indicação terapêutica, e formas de preparo dos remédios caseiros, além de coleta do material botânico e produção de exsicatas. As famílias com maior representatividade na pesquisa foram Fabaceae (16 spp.), Euphorbiaceae (7 spp.), Cucurbitaceae e Malvaceae (3 spp.), e as demais com duas ou uma espécie cada. Nas preparações dos remédios caseiros verificou-se que todas as partes da planta são utilizadas, predominando as raízes (33,77%) e as cascas (29,87%). Observaram-se várias formas de preparo, sendo o chá a mais indicada (49,21%), seguida do lambedor (40,69%). Os dados encontrados revelaram que o conhecimento popular sobre as plantas medicinais é de extrema importância para o controle das afecções e contribui para a realização de estudos etnofarmacológicos.

The present study aimed to survey the native medicinal plants in the biome Caatinga in the community of Sítio Nazaré from Milagres, in Ceará, Brazil. Semi-structured interviews with 100 persons, from 25 to 85 years old, were recorded. Sixty-two species were pointed for medical information on use, used plant part, therapeutic indication and methods of preparation of home remedies. We also prepared the collection of botanical material and production of exsiccates. The most representative families reported in this study were: Fabaceae (15 spp.), Euphorbiaceae (7 spp.), Cucurbitaceae and Malvaceae (3 spp.). On the preparation of remedies, we found that all parts of the plants were used, predominantly the roots (33.77%) and the barks (29.87%). The most common way of preparation observed was tea (49.21%), followed by syrup (40.69%). These collected data revealed that popular knowledge on medicinal Caatinga plants were important for disease control in the local population and it has contributed to other ethnopharmacology studies.

Infecção congênita em cabritos por Mycoplasma agalactiae / Congenital infection by Mycoplasma agalactiae in goat kids

This study aimed to report three cases of contagious agalactia (CA) by Mycoplasma agalactiae in goat kids born with polyarthritis. The nanny goats belonging to two different herds presented clinical signs of CA during pregnancy and in parturition they were apparently healthy. The carpal articulations of the three goat kids, the tarsus articulation in one, and thigh-femoral articulation in another showed swelling, pain and impairment of the flexion-extension movements. The articular liquid was collected from two goat kids at birth and revealed a content which varied from transparent to fibrinopurulent, presenting a yellow coloring. The samples were plated on modified Hayflick. The colonies had the appearance of "fried egg" and were confirmed as being M. agalactiae by biochemical tests and 16S rRNA PCR. Blood was collected from three animals soon after birth and submitted to the indirect ELISA test for the determination of the titration of the anti- M. agalactiae antibodies. The results confirmed that the goat kids were infected during pregnancy by M. agalactiae and resulted in the birth of an offspring with clinical signs of CA being immune tolerant...

Bilateral proliferative retinopathy as the initial presentation of chronic myeloid leukemia

The authors report a rare case of a 48-year-old male with chronic myeloid leukemia [CML] who initially presented with a bilateral proliferative retinopathy. The patient complained of recent visual loss and floaters in both eyes [BE]. Ophthalmologic evaluation revealed a best corrected visual acuity [BCVA] of 20/50 in the right eye and 20/200 in the left eye [LE]. Fundoscopy showed the presence of bilateral peripheral capillary dropout with multiple retinal sea fan neovascularisations, which were confirmed on fluorescein angiography. Full blood count revealed hyperleukocytosis, thrombocytosis, anemia, and hyperuricemia. Bone marrow aspiration and biopsy showed the reciprocal chromosomal translocation t [9;22], diagnostic of CML. The patient was started on hydroxyurea, allopurinol and imatinib mesylate. He received bilateral panretinal laser photocoagulation and a vitrectomy was performed in the LE. The patient has been in complete hematologic, cytogenetic, and major molecular remission while on imatinib and his BCVA is 20/25 in BE

Levantamento etnobotânico de plantas medicinais em área de caatinga no município de São José de Espinharas, Paraíba, Brasil / Ethnobotanical survey of medicinal plants in a caatinga area in São José de Espinharas Municipality, Paraíba State, Brazil

Este trabalho teve como objetivo realizar levantamento das plantas medicinais utilizadas pela comunidade de São José de Espinharas, a fim de registrar e preservar o conhecimento popular. A metodologia usada foi de entrevistas semi-estruturadas, com observações participantes, coleta e identificação do material botânico e preparação de exsicatas, resultando em lista de 82 espécies de 38 famílias diferentes. São fornecidas as informações nomenclatura popular e botânica, uso terapêutico, parte utilizada, forma de uso, modo de preparo e doenças tratadas. As raízes (30 por cento) foram ás partes mais utilizadas e a forma de preparo foi lambedor (32 por cento). O conhecimento sobre os usos e modos de preparo provém em geral, dos familiares (85 por cento). Com esses resultados, verifica-se a interação da população local com a flora e utilização relacionada a aspectos sociais, econômicos, culturais e às mudanças ambientais.

The aim of this study was to perform a survey of medicinal plants used by the community of São José de Espinharas, Paraíba State, Brazil, in order to record and preserve the folk knowledge. The adopted methodology was based on semi-structured interviews, with participating observations, botanical material collection and identification, and voucher preparation, resulting in a list of 82 species of 38 different families. The following information was provided: folk and botanical nomenclature, therapeutic application, used plant part, forms of use, method of preparation and treated diseases. Roots (30 percent) constituted the part most frequently used and syrup (32 percent) was the predominant method of preparation. The knowledge of uses and methods of preparation are generally handed down in the family (85 percent). Based on those results, there is an interaction of the local population with the flora and its use is related to social, economical and cultural aspects and environmental changes.

Estabelecimento de protocolo para micropropagação de Lippia gracilis Schauer / Establishment of protocol for Lippia gracilis Schauer micropropagation

A espécie Lippia gracilis SCHAUER (Verbenaceae) é nativa do Nordeste brasileiro e se destaca pela capacidade de acumular nos tricomas glandulares óleos essenciais com atividade antimicrobiana. Tendo em vista que não constam trabalhos na literatura sobre o estabelecimento in vitro dessa espécie, este trabalho teve como objetivo estabelecer protocolo para micropropagação de L. gracilis. Para tanto, ramos contendo folhas foram coletados de plantas matrizes no habitat natural para a confecção de estacas. Em laboratório, os explantes provenientes do processo de estaquia foram assepticamente tratados e inoculados em meio MS, acrescido de fitorreguladores, com o intuito de se estabelecer a melhor dose para o desenvolvimento dos explantes. Em decorrência de altos níveis de contaminação, avaliou-se o efeito da cefalexina. No entanto, apesar do antibiótico ter apresentado diminuição na contaminação bacteriana, a porcentagem de oxidação foi elevada. Portanto, testou-se o carvão ativado, ácido ascórbico, ácido cítrico e metade dos sais de MS quanto a eficiência no controle da oxidação. Concluiu-se que, o antibiótico na concentração utilizada provocou a oxidação dos explantes e os fitorreguladores, bem como os métodos antioxidantes testados, não apresentaram resultados consistentes para o melhor desenvolvimento dos explantes e controle da oxidação, respectivamente.

The species Lippia gracilis Schauer (Verbenaceae) is native to Northeastern Brazil and has been important for its ability to accumulate essential oils with antimicrobial activity in the glandular trichomes. Since there are no reports in the literature on the micropropagation of this species, the present work aimed to establish a protocol for L. gracilis micropropagation. Thus, branches containing leaves were collected from plant matrices in their natural habitat to prepare cuttings. In the laboratory, explants from cutting were aseptically treated and inoculated onto MS medium plus plant growth regulators in order to establish the best dose for the development of explants. Due to high levels of contamination, the effect of cephalexin was evaluated. Although the antibiotic decreased the bacterial contamination, the percentage of oxidation was high. Then, activated charcoal, ascorbic acid, citric acid and half the salts of MS were tested for their effectiveness to control oxidation. In conclusion, the used antibiotic concentration resulted in oxidation of explants. Furthermore, plant growth regulators and antioxidant methods did not show consistent results for a better development of explants and control of oxidation, respectively.

Linfomas não-Hodgkin extranodais em Salvador-Bahia: aspectos clínicos e classificação histopatológica segundo a OMS-2001 / Extranodal non-Hodgkins lymphomas in Salvador, Brazil: clinical aspects and histopathological classification according to the WHO-2001 guidelines

Linfomas não-Hodgkin (LNH) extranodais representam cerca de um terço de todos os linfomas e atualmente apresentam taxa de incidência maior que a de linfomas nodais. Diferenças entre LNH nodais e extranodais incluem etiologia, formas de apresentação e resposta terapêutica, entretanto não dispomos de dados na nossa população. Este estudo teve como objetivo caracterizar os LNH extranodais diagnosticados no Hospital Aristides Maltez, em Salvador-Bahia. Foram avaliados, retrospectivamente, 145 diagnósticos de linfoma não-Hodgkin, segundo a OMS-2001, no período de janeiro de 1999 a julho de 2001. A freqüência de linfomas extranodais foi de 30,3 por cento. A idade média dos pacientes foi de 55,6 anos e a relação homem/mulher foi de 1:1. A maioria dos pacientes apresentava estadios avançados (III ou IV de Ann Arbor), presença de sintomas B, LDH normal, bom desempenho pela escala do ECOG e IPI entre zero e dois. Nove pacientes estão vivos e em remissão completa (22,5 por cento) após um seguimento médio de 23 meses. O sítio extranodal mais comumente acometido foram as tonsilas, seguidas pela cavidade oral, pele e trato gastrointestinal, dentre outros. O linfoma difuso de grandes células B foi o mais comum subtipo histológico, seguido pelo linfoma anaplásico de grandes células. Concluímos que o mais freqüente sítio extranodal de apresentação em nosso estudo difere da maioria da literatura, porém nossa freqüência de linfoma extranodal é semelhante à mesma.

Extranodal non-Hodgkins lymphomas represent approximately one third of all lymphomas and currently have an incidence higher than nodal lymphomas. Differences in etiology, presentation and outcome of these lymphomas have been reported. However, there are no data in our population. This study was carried out in the Pathological Anatomy Service of Aristides Maltez Hospital in Salvador, Bahia. One hundred and forty-five non-Hodgkins lymphomas cases according to the WHO-2001 classification detected between January 1999 and July 2001 were evaluated. The frequency of extranodal lymphomas was 30.3 percent. The mean age of the patients was 55.6 percent years and the male/female ratio was 1:1. The majority of the patients presented with advanced stages, B symptoms, normal LDH, ECOG between o and 2 and IPI between O and 2. Nine patients are still alive in complete remission (22.5 percent) with a mean follow-up of 23 months. The main extranodal sites were the tonsils followed by the oral cavity, skin and gastrointestinal tract. Diffuse large B-Cell lymphoma was the mains histological subtype, followed by anaplastic large-cell lymphoma. In summary, the mains extranodal site in our study was different from the masority of reports. However our extranodal lymphoma frequency was similar.

Response activity of alveolar macrophages in pulmonary dysfunction caused by Leptospira infection

Leptopspirosis is a syndrome with different clinical manifestations including the most severe and often fatal forms of pulmonary disease of unknown etiology. Pulmonary injury during the inflammatory process has been associated with the excessive number of alveolar macrophages (AMs) and polymorphonuclear leukocytes stimulated in the lungs and with the production of reactive oxygen and nitrogen intermediates and other inflammatory mediators. The aim of the present work was to evaluate the cellular immune response of AMs or inflammatory cells of hamsters during leptospirosis. The activity of AMs was determined by measuring nitric oxide (NO) and protein production as well as inflammatory cell infiltration in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid. Pulmonary activity during infection was monitored by measuring pH, pressure of oxygen (PaO2), and pressure of carbon dioxide (PaCO2) in blood samples. Cellular immune response and its role in the genesis of leptospirosis have been incriminated as the main causes of tissue and pulmonary injuries, which consequently lead to the pulmonary dysfunction in severe cases of leptospirosis. The present results show a low production of NO in both supernatant of alveolar macrophage culture and BAL. In the latter, protein production was high and constant, especially during acute infection. Total and differential cell count values were 2.5X10(6) on day 4; 7.3X10(6) on day 21; and 2.3X10(6) on day 28 after infection, with lymphocytes (84.04 percent) predominating over neutrophils (11.88 percent) and monocytes (4.07 percent). Arterial blood gas analysis showed pulmonary compromising along with the infectious process, as observed in parameter values (mean±SD) evidenced in the infected versus control group: PaO2 (60.47mmHg±8.7 vs. 90.09mmHg±9.18), PaCO2 (57.01mmHg±7.87 vs. 47.39mmHg±4.5) and pH (7.39±0.03 vs. 6.8±1.3). Results indicated that Leptospira infection in hamsters is a good experimental model to study leptospirosis. However, some of the immune parameters showed variations which might be associated with the animal species.

TNF-á and IL-6 immunohistochemistry in rat renal tissue experimentaly infected with Leptospira interrogans serovar Canicola

Leptospirosis is a public health problem worldwide and its etiology remains unclear. Its pathogenesis involves a complex interaction between host and infecting microorganism. The inflammatory reaction that controls the infection process also underscores many pathophysiological events occurring in leptospirosis. We investigated the presence of tumor necrosis factor-alfa (TNF-alfa) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in renal tissues by immunohistochemical and histopathological examination in animals experimentally inoculated with Leptospira serovar Canicola. All the tests were carried out 2, 7, 14, 21 or 28 days after inoculation. Although TNF-alfa and IL-6 had been detected in tissues throughout the observation period, these cytokines appeared more intensely during the initial phase of infection. Therefore, both TNF-alfa and IL-6 were associated with the immunopathogenesis of leptospirosis. This profile suggests a high immunocellular response throughout the early infection stages followed by subsequent humoral response.

Cytokine and antibody production during murine leptospirosis

The aim of the present study was to investigate the kinetics of humoral and cellular responses during leptospirosis. We observed that the presence of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) was associated with antibody production and bacterial recovery, and the compromising of both TNF-alpha and IL-6 in the immunopathogenesis of leptospirosis during an experimental infection of BALB/c mice inoculated with Leptospira interrogans serovar Canicola was verified. Results showed higher levels of TNF-alpha and IL-6 in the initial phase of infection, in which the greatest bacterial clearance was observed. However, when the bacterial recovery was compared with the kinetics of the production of antibodies, the results revealed a kinetics proportionally inverted to antibody production. This fact may be related to some inhibitory factor which could be responsible for the selective suppression of the cellular immune response. We concluded that during leptospirosis there was a greater mobilization of the cellular immune response activity, mainly in the initial phase of the infectious process, for posterior involvement of the humoral response, and that both TNF-alpha and IL-6 could be associated with the immunopathogenesis of the disease.

Role of cytokines, NO, and H2O2 on the immunopathology of leptospirosis in genetically selected mice

Immune response to leptospirosis is mainly humorally mediated, and involves opsonization of leptospires for phagocytosis by macrophages and neutrophils. However, some aspects are still unknown. For a more detailed analysis of the cellular immune response to leptospirosis infection, trials were carried out in order to determine the hydrogen peroxide and nitric oxide (H2O2 and NO)production stimulated or not by Interferon-gamma. The participation of some specific cytokines, such as Tumor Necrosis Factor-alfa (TNF-alfa); Interferon-gamma (IFN-y); Interleukin-6 (IL-6); and Interleukin-4 (IL-4), in the immunopathology of this infection was also investigated. For this purpose, we analyzed the supernatant from peritonealmacrophage cell culture and the splenic cells of mice genetically selected as High (H) and Low (L) antibody producers, and inbred Balb/c mice infected with Leptospira interrogans serovar icterohaemorrhagiae. The IL-6 production varied from release speaks to inhibition in H, L, and Balb/c mice. The three strains presented constant and elevated production of TNF-alfa until day 14, suggesting its effective participation in the initial phase of the infection. Meanwhile, all the three strains presented a constant and irregular IFN-y production, with release peaks between the 7th and 14th days in L mice. The H and Balb/c mice strains presented a higher tendency to Th2 response pattern, whereas L mice tendend towards Th1 response

Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis and tuberculosis in a diabetic patient: a rare or a seldom diagnosed association?

A case of Pulmonary Alveolar Proteinosis (PAP), in association with tuberculosis, is described in a 35-year-old diabetic patient. Lung biopsy showed an intra-alveolar accumulation of PAS-positive material, and multifocal granulomas compatible with tuberculosis. The bronchoalveolar culture was positive for Mycobacterium tuberculosis. PAP results from an imbalance of the mechanisms that regulate the homeostasis of the surfactant, where specific proteins are involved, especially SP-A and SP-D, the cytokines, IL-10 and GM-CSF, in addition to alveolar macrophages and type-II pneumocytes. Chemotaxis and phagocytic capacity are reduced. PAP and diabetes share several immunological disfunctions that may increase the risk for tuberculosis. Although there are no controlled studies, the diagnosis of PAP in diabetic patients with tuberculosis must be considered.

Effect of pimozide on the increase of muscarinic receptors caused by mazindol and apomorphine in the rat cerebral motor cortex

The effects of pimozide, mazindol and apomorphine on muscarinic receptors in homogenates of rat cerebral motor cortex were measured by binding assays, using 3H-N-methylscopolamine (3H-NMS) alone as ligand (for the measurement of M1- and M2-like receptors) or in the presence of carbachol or pirenzepine for determination of M1- and M2-like receptors, respectively. Female Wistar rats (150g) were treated daily for one week with pimozide, a dopaminergic antagonist (10 and 20 mg/Kg, po, by gavage), or with apomorphine (1mg/Kg,ip). In another ser of experiments, animals were treated with pimozide and 30 min later with mazindol (10 mg/Kg, po, by gavage) or apomorphine. The drugs were administered daily for one week. Controls received the same volume of saline. 3H-NMS binding was increased from the control value of 418 ñ 17 ñ 42 fmol/mg protein by administration of mazindol (10mg/Kg) but binding was reduced to 360 ñ 11 fmol/mg protein upon administration of pimozide (20mg/Kg) plus mazindol (10mg/Kg. Similarly 10 mg/ Kg pimozide reduced the increase in M1-like receptors caused by mazindol from 262 ñ to 220 ñ 20 fmol/mg protein. Although 20 mg/Kg pimozide alone produced a decrease in M1-plus M2-like receptors (from 418 ñ 17 to 348 ñ 22 fmol/mg protein), its action was preferentially on M2-like receptors, decreasing them from 148 ñ 10 to o ñ 15 fmol/mg protein in the control and treated groups, respectively. At the higher dose, 20 mg/Kg pimozide also inhibited the 3 H-NMS binding (M1-plus M2-like receptors) in the presence of apomorphine (263ñ25 vs 418 ñ 17 fmol/mg protein...

Avaliaçäo citológica do líquido amniótico pelo cloreto de azul de nilo a 0,1% / Avaliation cytologic of the amniotic fluid stained with nile blue 0,1%

Foi estudado, através do Método Direto e Câmara de Neubauer, o líquido amniótico de 59 gestantes, pacientes da Clínica Obstétrica da Maternidade "Escola Januário Cicco" - Natal - RN, com idades gestacionais compreendidas entre 23-44 semanas. Concluiu-se que ambas as técnicas foram satisfatórias, para determinar gestaçöes com menos de 35 semanas. No pré-termo, foram encontradas 1.000 (ou menos) células p/mm3 através da contagem pela Câmara de Neubauer e 30% (ou menos) de células orangiofílicas, através do método direto